ABSTRACT
Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex（MOC） is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） in China. It is spicy-warm in property and bitter in flavor. It has the effects in eliminating dampness， eliminating phlegm and removing fullness. It is commonly used for dampness obstruction to spleen and stomach， chest and epigastric distension， glutinous grains， nausea， vomiting， abdominal pain and abdominal distension. It has a good efficacy in treating gastrointestinal discomfort and anorexia in clinic. The results showed that MOC mainly contains phenolic compounds， alkaloids and volatile oil. Magnolol， honokiol and other phenolic compounds are the main active substances， with obvious pharmacological activities on digestive， nervous， cardiovascular and respiratory systems. In addition， it also has anti-inflammatory， analgesic， anti-bacterial， anti-tumor and anti-oxidation effects. Except for magnolol and honokiol and other active substances， MOC flowers also contain volatile oil， with a similar effect with MOC but a weaker function. It is mainly used for treating spleen and stomach dampness， fullness， chest and epigastric distension. In addition to magnolol and honokiol and other phenolic compounds， MOC leaves also contain volatile oil， flavonoids and polysaccharides and other chemical components， which have antibacterial， antioxidative， vasodilatory and other pharmacological effects. It can be used as medicine instead of MOC in clinic. In this paper， the pharmacology studies of MOC in recent 5 years was reviewed， in order to better develop and utilize magnolia bark and its waste flowers and leaves， and further develop relevant functional products with MOC as the main drug， while providing new ideas for expanding the resources of TCM.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Few studies have examined the properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in children. To address this issue, we characterized epitope-specific CTL responses and analyzed the determinants that may affect CTL responses before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in children with HIV-1 infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 22 HIV-1-infected children and 23 uninfected healthy children as control were enrolled in the study. Circulating CD4 T cells and HIV-1 RNA load in plasma were routinely measured. Peripheral HIV-1-specific CTL frequency and HIV-1 epitope-specific, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing T lymphocytes were measured using tetramer staining and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, respectively. Circulating dendritic cell (DC) subsets were monitored with FACS analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>More than 80% of the children with HIV-1 infection exhibited a positive HIV-1-epitope-specific CTL response at baseline, but HIV-specific CTLs and IFN-gamma-producing lymphocytes decreased in patients who responded to HAART in comparison with non-responders and HAART-naive children. The duration of virus suppression resulted from HAART was inversely correlated with CTL frequency. While in HAART-naive children, HIV-1-specific CTL frequency was positively correlated with myeloid DC (mDC) frequency, although the cause and effect relationship between the DCs and CTLs remains unknown.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HIV-1-epitope-specific CTL responses are dependent on antigenic stimulation. The impaired DC subsets in blood might result in a defect in DC-mediated T cell responses. These findings may provide insight into understanding the factors and related mechanisms that influence the outcome of HIV-1 carriers to HAART or future antiviral therapies.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Allergy and Immunology , Epitopes , Allergy and Immunology , HIV Infections , Drug Therapy , Allergy and Immunology , HIV-1 , Allergy and Immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic , Allergy and Immunology , Viremia , Drug TherapyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the features of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis B for a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HBV infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fresh blood samples were collected from 20 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and from 15 healthy individuals who served as controls. pDCs were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using immunomagnetic assay and detected by flow cytometry. Fresh PBMCs and isolated pDCs were stimulated in vitro using CpG ODN2216. The supernatants were measured for IFNa production using ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The peripheral pDCs frequency in CHB patients (0.192%+/-0.110%) was markedly lower than that in the healthy controls (0.287%+/-0.142%). After being pulsed with CpG ODN2216, the isolated pDCs produced lower levels of IFNa and expressed lower levels of CD80 and CD40 in the CHB patients when compared to those of the healthy controls. The level of IFNa was (972.6+/-705.5) pg/ml in the patients and (3 142.9+/-1 292.2) pg/ml in the controls. Moreover, the pDCs frequency was reversely correlated with serum ALT levels in these HBV infected patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The reduced number and impaired function of circulating pDCs in patients with CHB may be related to their disease progression.</p>